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UNIVERSITY    OF    ILLINOIS    LIBRARY    AT    URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 


L161— O-1096 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station 


BULLETIN  No.  276 


PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF 
WINTER  WHEAT  IN  ILLINOIS 


BY  ROBERT  W.  STARK 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS,  JUNE,  1926 


SUMMARY 

Wheat  is  decidedly  susceptible  to  climatic  conditions  and  varieties  differ 
widely  in  their  adaptation  to  environment.  As  Illinois  extends  nearly  400  miles 
from  north  to  south,  marked  variations  in  climate  occur,  and  one  of  the  prob- 
lems in  successful  wheat  production  is  to  find  those  varieties  that  are  particu- 
larly suited  to  the  different  sections. 

Tests  at  DeKalb,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  indicate  the  superior 
winter  resistance  and  high  yielding  capacity  of  the  hard  wheats  of  the  Turkey 
Red  type,  such  as  Ilred  (Turkey  Red  10-110),  Minnesota  Reliable,  Kanred,  Red 
Russian,  and  Turkey  Red  (Station  strain).  Soft  varieties  that  have  made  a  sat- 
isfactory record  are  Hardy  Northern  and  Red  Cross.  These  tests  have  been  con- 
ducted since  1907.  During  this  time  44  varieties  have  been  grown,  19  of  which 
were  hard,  23  soft,  1  of  unknown  origin,  and  1  hybrid,  one  parent  of  which  was  a 
hard  wheat. 

In  central  Illinois  also  winter  resistance  frequently  is  the  deciding  factor  in 
successful  wheat  production.  Among  the  57  varieties  and  strains  tested  at  Ur- 
bana  since  1904,  those  of  the  Turkey  Red  type  have  proved  superior  in  this  char- 
acteristic. Minnesota  Reliable,  Worlds  Champion,  Ilred  (Turkey  Red  10-110), 
Kanred,  Malakof  5-460,  and  Turkey  Red  (Station  strain)  comprise  the  hard 
wheats  with  the  best  records  for  a  period  of  eight  years  or  more.  Other  hard 
varieties  tested  for  a  shorter  period  which  deserve  mention  are  Red  Russian, 
Malakof  C.  I.  No.  4898,  Minturki,  Kanred  2401,  Michikoff,  and  Blackhull.  Soft 
varieties  which  have  made  good  records  are  Indiana  Swamp,  Dawson  Golden 
Chaff  9-225,  Red  Rock,  Red  Cross,  Michigan  Amber,  and  Gladden. 

Soft  varieties  seem  best  adapted  to  the  southern  section  of  the  state.  At 
Fairfield  in  Wayne  county  41  varieties  and  strains  of  wheat  were  tested  from 
1906  to  1923.  Eight  of  the  varieties  were  of  the  Turkey  Red  type  and  one  was 
a  hybrid,  one  parent  of  which  was  Turkey  Red;  the  remainder  were  soft  varie- 
ties. Fulcaster,  a  soft  variety,  which  was  taken  as  the  standard  variety  with 
which  to  compare  all  others,  was  exceeded  only  by  Illini  Chief,  also  a  soft  variety, 
in  average  yield.  Other  varieties  which  were  grown  for  six  years  or  more  and 
which  made  favorable  records  on  this  field  are  Red  Cross  (synonym  for  Harvest 
Queen),  Economy,  Marvelous  (synonym  for  Fulcaster),  and  Jersey  Fultz. 

On  the  Alhambra  field  in  Madison  county  Fulcaster  has  been  slightly  ex- 
ceeded by  Mediterranean,  as  a  six-year  average,  while  Rudy,  Gipsy,  Illini  Chief, 
Red  Wave,  Marvelous,  and  Jersey  Fultz,  all  soft  varieties,  during  five-year 
periods  have  yielded  but  slightly  less  than  Fulcaster. 

A  description  of  the  varieties  used  in  these  tests,  together  with  a  summary 
of  their  performance  on  the  above  fields,  will  be  found  on  pages  27  to  35. 


PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF 
WINTER  WHEAT  IN  ILLINOIS 

BY  ROBERT  W.  STARK,  Associate  in  Crop  Production 

From  the  early  settlement  of  Illinois  to  the  present  date,  wheat 
has  been  one  of  the  most  important  crops  grown  in  the  state.  Some 
conception  of  the  magnitude  of  the  industry  and  the  distribution  of 
the  wheat-growing  sections  may  be  derived  from  the  map  on  page  4, 
which  shows  the  acreage  by  counties  grown  in  1923.  In  that  year  the 
total  production  of  winter  wheat  in  the  state  was  60,534,000  bushels, 
and  this  crop  was  harvested  from  3,363,000  acres. 

Extensive  wheat  growing  is  confined  to  certain  fairly  well-de- 
fined areas.  In  general,  the  principal  wheat-growing  counties  lie  east  of 
the  Illinois  river  and  east  of  the  Mississippi  river  south  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Illinois.  The  wheat  sections,  therefore,  include  practically  all  the 
region  covered  by  the  Middle  Illinoisan  glaciation,  the  western  por- 
tion of  the  Lower  Illinoisan  glaciation,  and  a  smaller  area  in  the  same 
glaciation  bordering  on  the  Wabash  river.  These  constitute  the  two 
oldest  glaciated  regions  in  the  state. 

Variety  trials  of  winter  wheat  have  been  conducted  at  DeKalb  in 
DeKalb  county,  at  Urbana  in  Champaign  county,  at  Fairfield  in 
Wayne  county,  at  Alhambra  in  Madison  county,  and  at  Cutler  in 
Perry  county.  The  results  of  these  investigations  up  to  and  including 
1916  are  given  in  Bulletin  201,  "Yields  of  Winter  Wheat  in  Illinois." 
In  the  present  publication  the  previous  data  from  the  DeKalb,  Urbana, 
and  Fairfield  fields  are  repeated,  and  the  further  data  from  these 
fields  for  the  years  1917  to  1925  inclusive  are  added.  The  yields  from 
the  Alhambra  tests,  which  were  begun  in  1919,  are  also  given,  but  the 
results  of  the  tests  at  Cutler,  which  were  begun  in  1902  and  discon- 
tinued in  1907,  are  not  repeated. 

TESTS  IN  NORTHERN  ILLINOIS 
DEKALB  IN  DEKALB  COUNTY 

The  character  of  the  varieties  of  wheat  adapted  to  the  different 
sections  of  Illinois  are  influenced  materially  by  the  wide  variations  in 
climatic  conditions  occurring  between  the  northern  and  southern 
boundaries  of  the  state. 

DeKalb  is  situated  in  the  northern  part  of  the  north-central  dis- 
trict of  the  state.  The  average  annual  precipitation  for  this  section 


BULLETIN  No.  276 


[June, 


is  about  34  inches.1  The  average  temperature  for  the  winter  months  is 
approximately  24.7°  F.,  while  the  average  annual  minimum  tempera- 
ture is  16.3°  F.  below  zero.  The  effect  of  the  long  continued  low  tem- 
perature is  usually  lessened  by  a  snowfall  of  30  to  35  inches. 


Winter  Wneot 
Distribution  1923 


WINTER  WHEAT  DISTRIBUTION  IN  ILLINOIS 
Data   taken   from    Illinois  Crop    Statistics   for    1923 
issued  by  the  Bureau  of  Agricultural  Economics,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture. 


A  number  of  soil  types  occur  on  this  field,  but  they  are  all  com- 
mon to  the  region  and  are  productive.   The  wheat  is  grown  in  a  rota- 


'Meteorological  data  taken  from  Bulletin  208  of  this  Station,  "Climate  of 
Illinois,"  issued  in  1918. 


1926}  PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER  WHEAT  5 

tion  of  corn,  oats,  wheat,  and  alsike  clover.  The  soil  treatment  con- 
sists of  applications  of  crop  residues  and  rock  phosphate  and  manure 
and  rock  phosphate.  Each  variety  is  represented  an  equal  number  of 
times  on  each  system  of  soil  treatment. 

Variety  trials  of  wheat  were  begun  in  1907  and  have  been  con- 
tinued to  date.  During  this  period  44  different  varieties  and  strains 
have  been  tested ;  of  this  number,  19  are  hard  varieties  and  23  are  soft. 
The  character  of  one  designated  as  native  is  unknown,  while  another 
is  a  hybrid,  one  parent  of  which  was  a  hard  wheat. 

During  the  period  of  these  trials  inferior  varieties  or  lesser  known 
strains  have  been  discontinued  and  other  untried  varieties  substituted. 
This  process  of  elimination  has  resulted  in  the  gradual  casting  out  of 
all  but  the  highest-yielding  varieties.  The  varieties  that  are  now  in 
the  test,  and  have  been  for  a  number  of  years  past,  constitute,  there- 
fore, with  one  or  two  exceptions,  the  hardiest  and  most  prolific  varie- 
ties tried. 

The  annual  yield  of  the  entire  list  of  varieties  that  have  been 
grown  at  DeKalb  is  given  in  Table  1.  Since  the  different  varieties 
have  been  grown  for  irregular  periods,  average  yields  manifestly  are 
not  comparable.  Turkey  Red,  however,  is  one  of  the  best  varieties 
tried,  and  it  has  been  grown  during  the  entire  period.  The  percentage 
yield  of  each  of  the  other  varieties,  with  Turkey  Red  as  the  standard 
for  comparison,  may  therefore  be  calculated  by  dividing  its  average 
yield  by  the  average  yield  of  Turkey  Red  for  the  same  period.  This 
percentage  rating  appears  in  the  last  column.  A  summary  showing 
the  number  of  years  each  variety  was  grown,  together  with  its  average 
yield  and  the  average  yield  of  the  standard  variety  for  the  same  per- 
iod, is  given  in  Table  2. 

During  the  entire  period  covered  by  these  tests,  1907  to  1925, 
seven  varieties  were  tested  for  six  years  or  more,  each  of  which  has  a 
percentage  rating  greater  than  Turkey  Red  (Station  strain1).  These 
varieties  are,  in  order  of  rating,  Red  Russian,  Ilred,2  (Turkey  Red 
10-110),  Kanred,  Hardy  Northern,  Wisconsin  No.  18,  Minnesota  Re- 
liable, and  Worlds  Champion.  With  the  exception  of  Hardy  North- 
ern, these  are  all  strains  of  the  Turkey  Red  type. 

In  1922  a  considerable  number  of  varieties  were  discontinued. 
Those  retained  were  either  the  highest-yielding  varieties  or  they  pos- 
sessed characteristics  which  made  it  desirable  to  give  them  a  further 
trial.  The  performances  of  the  nine  varieties  which  have  been  grown 
continuously  during  the  last  six-year  period,  1919-1925,  are  directly 
comparable  (Table  3) . 


*The  Turkey  Red  designated  as  "Station"  strain  lias  been  grown  continu- 
ously for  many  years  on  the  University  farm  and  is  of  no  known  special  selection. 
2Turkey  Red  10-110  has  recently  been  given  the  name  Ilred. 


BULLETIN  No.  276 


[June, 


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PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER  WHEAT 


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BULLETIN  No.  276 


[June, 


TABLE  2. — DEKALB  FIELD:     COMPARABLE  AVERAGE  YIELDS  OF  VARIETIES  OF 

WINTER  WHEAT  USING  TURKEY  RED  AS  A  STANDARD  FOR  COMPARISON 

(Bushels  per  acre) 


Varieties 

Number 
of  years 
com- 
pared1 

Years  on  which  comparisons 
are  based 

Average 
yield 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

13 

1910,    1911,   1913,   and   1915- 

1925  except  1920  

35  7 

Minnesota  Reliable  

13 

1910,    1911,    1913,   and    1915- 

1925  except  1920  

36  1 

Turkey  Red  (Station) 

11 

1907-1921  except  1908,   1909, 

1912,  1920  

32  7 

Dawson  Golden  Chaff  

11 

1907-1921  except  1908,   1909, 

1912,  1920  

27.1 

Turkey  Red  (Station) 

10 

1915-1925  except  1920  

35.6 

Red  Cross  . 

10 

1915-1925  except  1920  

33  7 

Wisconsin  No.  18 

10 

1915-1925  except  1920  

36  8 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  .  . 

9 

1907,  1913-1921  except  1920..  .  . 

32.1 

Kharkof  (U.  S.  D  A.  No.  11603) 
Turkey  Red  (Station)  .... 

9 
9 

1907,  1913-1921  except  1920.  .  .  . 
1916-1925  except  1920  

28.7 
35.0 

Hardy  Northern.  . 

9 

1916-1925  except  1920  

36.6 

Red  Russian  

9 

1916-1925  except  1920  

37  9 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  .  . 

7 

1914-1921  except  1920  

32.5 

Malakof  6-458  

7 

1914-1921  except  1920  

31.3 

Wheedling  5-464  .  .  . 

7 

1914-1921  except  1920  

32.0 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

7 

1915-1922  except  1920  

33.6 

Worlds  Champion  

7 

1915-1922  except  1920  

33.9 

Turkey  Red  (Station) 

7 

1918-1925  except  1920  

35  7 

Red  Rock  .  .  . 

7 

1918-1925  except  1920  

34  1 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  .      .  . 

6 

1915-1921  except  1920  

31.4 

Miracle  

6 

1915-1921  except  1920  

20.5 

Turkev  Red  (Station) 

6 

1919-1925  except  1920  

37.8 

Kanred  .  .  . 

6 

1919-1925  except  1920  

39  7 

Ilred  (Turkey  Red  10-110) 

6 

1919-1925  except  1920  

40  0 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

5 

1907-1914  except  1908,   1909, 

1912  

34.3 

Wheedling  

5 

1907-1914  except  1908,   1909, 

1912   

26.0 

Indiana  Swamp  

5 

1907-1914  except  1908,   1909, 

1912  

27.4 

Turkey  Red  (Station) 

5 

1914-1918   

33.7 

Turkey  Red  9-233  

5 

1914-1918  

33.7 

Turkey  Red  (Station) 

5 

1916-1921  except  1920  

29.4 

Early  Red  Clawson 

5 

1916-1921  except  1920  

21.4 

Turkey  Hybrid  509 

5 

1916-1921  except  1920  

26.2 

Canadian  Hybrid  

5 

1916-1921  except  1920  

28.1 

lln  each  case  the  number  of  years  given  for  the  variety  compared  with  Turkey 
Red  is  the  total  number  of  years  the  variety  was  grown. 


1926} 


PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER  WHEAT 


TABLE  2. — Concluded 
(Bushels  per  acre) 


Varieties 

Number 
of  years 
com- 
pared1 

Years  on  which  comparisons 
are  based 

Average 
yield 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

4 

1915-1918.  . 

32  3 

Mediterranean  

4 

1915-1918     .  . 

17  0 

Gipsv  

4 

1915-1918  

19  5 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

4 

1913,  1914,  1919,  1921.... 

33  9 

Red  Hussar  

4 

1913,1914,1919,1921  

32  6 

Hungarian  

4 

1913,  1914,  1919,  1921       .    .  . 

33  3 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

3 

1916-1918.. 

29  2 

Marvelous  

3 

1916-1918  

5  1 

Rudy  

3 

1916-1918  

9  8 

Prize  Taker.    .             

3 

1916-1918  

14  5 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

3 

1913,  1919,  1921  

32  1 

Pesterboden  

3 

1913,  1919,  1921  

29  0 

Beloglina  

3 

1913,  1919,  1921  

30  2 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

3 

1923-1925   

40  3 

Blackhull  

3 

1923-1925  

37  1 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  .  . 

2 

1907,  1913  

30  5 

Malakof  

2 

1907,  1913  

28  2 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

2 

1917,  1918  

26  3 

Red  Wave  

2 

1917,  1918  

10  6 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

2 

1924,  1925.. 

39  6 

Trumbull  

2 

1924,  1925  

37  9 

Michikoff.    .    . 

2 

1924,  1925  

40  7 

Fulhio... 

2 

1924,  1925  

41  3 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  .  . 

1 

1907.. 

24  3 

Padi  

1 

1907  

18.6 

K.  B.  No.  2  

1 

1907  

21  8 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

1 

1910  

37  4 

Native  wheat  

1 

1910  

29  5 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

1 

1914.  . 

39.2 

Dawson  Golden  Chaff  9-211.  .. 

1 

1914  

22.6 

Fultz  

1 

1914  

30.6 

Gold  Coin  

1 

1914  

32.5 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

1 

1910.  . 

33.9 

Turkey  Red  (native)  

1 

1910  

30.1 

Turkey  Red  (Station)   

1 

1924.. 

46  1 

Wheat  Mixture  

1 

1924  

37  7 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

1 

1925.. 

33  0 

Minturki  

1 

1925  

43.7 

JIn  each  case  the  number  of  years  given  for  the  variety  compared  with  Turkey 
Red  is  the  total  number  of  years  the  variety  was  grown. 


10 


BULLETIN  No.  276 


[Juner 


During  this  period,  Ilred  (Turkey  Red  10-110)  produced  an  aver- 
age of  40.0  bushels  an  acre  and  ranked  first  in  average  yield,  altho  in 
no  single  year  was  it  the  highest-yielding  variety.  Red  Rock  produced 
nearly  40  bushels  an  acre  and  exceeded  Turkey  Red  (Station  strain) 
during  this  period,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  it  was  given  a  per- 
centage rating  in  Table  1  of  only  95.5.  This  low  percentage  yield  is 


TABLE  3. — DEKALB  FIELD:  COMPARATIVE  TEST  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER  WHEAT 
GROWN  DURING  THE  Six- YEAR  PERIOD  1919-1925 
(Bushels  per  acre) 


Varieties 

1919 

1921 

1922 

1923 

1924 

1925 

Average 
yield 

Ilred  (Turkey  Red  10-110)  . 
Minnesota  Reliable  

33.4 
31.0 

33.1 
36.7 

45.2 
44.0 

42.2 
37.8 

44.1 
45.9 

42.2 
44.2 

40.0 
39.9 

Kanred  

29  1 

30  6 

44.4 

42.5 

45.5 

46.1 

39.7 

Red  Rock  

38  0 

38  2 

48  0 

38  3 

42.9 

31.9 

39.6 

Wisconsin  No.  18  

32.2 

31.4 

44.6 

39.9 

45.3 

43.6 

39.5 

Red  Russian  

23.5 

29.3 

49.3 

42.2 

46.4 

44.7 

39.2 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

21  8 

37.7 

46  9 

41.7 

46.1 

33.0 

37.9 

Red  Cross  

26  5 

32  8 

40  5 

38  3 

45.3 

36.8 

36.7 

Hardy  Northern  

24.1 

24.9 

45.5 

38.5 

44.0 

37.8 

35.8 

due  to  its  having  made  practically  a  complete  failure  in  1918,  which 
year  is  not  included  in  this  table.  In  1920  (the  data  for  which  also 
are  not  included1)  it  was  again  almost  an  entire  failure.  Red  Rock 
has  shown  a  decided  tendency  to  be  seriously  injured  in  this  section  by 
unfavorable  winter  conditions.  When  it  has  survived  the  winter  suc- 
cessfully, it  has  proved  a  heavy  yielder. 

Of  the  varieties  given  in  Table  3,  all  belong  to  the  Turkey  Red 
type  and  are  hard  red  winter  wheats,  except  Red  Rock,  Red  Cross, 
and  Hardy  Northern.  These  latter  varieties  are  awned  except  Red 
Cross. 

Sufficient  data  concerning  the  more  recent  entries  in  these  tests 
(see  yields  in  columns  for  1923,  1924,  and  1925,  Table  1)  have  not 
yet  been  secured  to  warrant  drawing  definite  conclusions  as  to  their 
relative  adaptation  to  the  conditions  which  obtain  in  this  section. 

TESTS  IN  CENTRAL  ILLINOIS 
URBANA  IN  CHAMPAIGN  COUNTY 

The  Urbana  experiment  field  lies  in  the  eastern  part  of  central 
Illinois.  This  section  has  an  average  annual  precipitation  of  about  37 
inches.  The  average  temperature  for  the  winter  months  is  approxi- 
mately 28.8°  F.  At  Urbana,  during  a  25-year  period,  the  average  an- 


JThe  data  for  all  varieties  grown  in  1920  were  discarded  because  of  the  un- 
reliability of  the  threshing  records. 


PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER  WHEAT  11 

nual  minimum  temperature  has  been  13°  F.  below  zero.  This  section 
has  an  average  annual  snowfall  of  20  to  25  inches.  Frequently  the 
snow  melts  quickly  so  that  it  affords  little  protection  to  the  wheat. 

The  soil  of  the  field  on  which  the  Urbana  variety  trials  are  con- 
ducted is  Brown  Silt  Loam,  which  represents  fairly  well  the  better 
soils  of  this  type  thruout  this  section  of  the  state. 

In  these  experiments  wheat  constitutes  one  of  the  crops  in  a  rota- 
tion of  corn,  oats,  wheat,  and  red  clover.  Each  variety  has  been 
•equally  represented  on  plots  fertilized  with  crop  residues  and  rock 
phosphate,  crop  residues  with  rock  phosphate  and  limestone,  manure 
and  rock  phosphate,  and  manure  with  rock  phosphate  and  limestone. 

Fifty-seven  varieties  and  strains  of  wheat  have  been  tested  during 
the  period  1904  to  1925.  Of  these  varieties  18  are  hard  wheats,  33  are 
soft  varieties,  and  6  are  hybrids,  one  parent  of  which  was  a  hard 
wheat.  The  complete  list  of  these  varieties,  together  with  their  annual 
yields  and  percentage  ratings  based  upon  the  average  yield  of  Turkey 
Red  (Station  strain)  for  the  same  periods,  is  shown  in  Table  4.  A 
summary  showing  the  number  of  years  each  has  been  tried,  and  the 
average  yield  of  each  variety  compared  with  the  average  yield  of 
Turkey  Red  for  the  same  years,  is  given  in  Table  5. 

If  the  behavior  of  these  wheats  on  the  Urbana  field  may  be  taken 
as  a  criterion  of  their  probable  performance  thruout  central  Illinois, 
then  it  may  be  concluded  that  strains  of  Turkey  Red  or  hybrids  of 
that  variety  are  dependable  high-yielding  varieties  for  that  section 
as  well  as  for  the  northern  section.  In  Table  4  Turkey  Red  (Station 
strain)  ranks  nineteenth.  Of  the  18  varieties  having  a  higher  percent- 
age rating,  Michigan  Amber,  Dawson  Golden  Chaff  9-225,  and  Glad- 
den are  the  only  ones  which  are  not  either  of  the  Turkey  type  or 
hybrids  with  a  hard  Russian  wheat  as  one  parent. 

A  considerable  number  of  the  varieties  at  present  competing  in 
these  trials  have  been  grown  for  too  short  a  period  to  permit  definite 
-conclusions  concerning  their  relative  productiveness.  Those  varieties 
which  have  been  grown  for  a  period  of  not  less  than  eight  years,  from 
1918  to  1925  inclusive,  are  shown  in  Table  6. 

Six  of  the  10  varieties  listed  in  this  table  are  hard  wheats;  the 
other  4,  Indiana  Swamp,  Dawson  Golden  Chaff  9-225,  Red  Rock,  and 
Red  Cross,  are  soft  varieties.  During  this  eight-year  period,  Indiana 
Swamp  exceeded  Turkey  Red  by  2.3  bushels  an  acre,  tho  its  average 
yield  for  a  period  of  twenty-one  years  was  2  bushels  an  acre  less  than 
Turkey  Red  (Table  5).  Indiana  Swamp  has  never  been  extensively 
grown.  It  is  produced  to  a  limited  extent  in  Illinois,  Indiana,  Ohio, 
Kansas,  and  Texas,  under  a  number  of  different  names. 

Dawson  Golden  Chaff  9-225,  which  ties  Minnesota  Reliable  in 
ranking  second  in  yield,  is  a  selection  from  Dawson  Golden  Chaff.  The 
parent  stock  is  a  white  wheat,  whereas  this  strain,  while  containing 


12 


BULLETIN  No.  276 


[June, 


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PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER  WHEAT 


13 


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14 


BULLETIN  No.  276 


[June, 


TABLE  5. — URBAN  A  FIELD:     COMPARABLE  AVERAGE  YIELDS  OF  VARIETIES  OF 
WINTER  WHEAT  USING  TURKEY  RED  AS  THE  STANDARD  FOR  COMPARISON 

(Bushels  per  acre) 


Varieties 

Number 
of  years 
com- 
pared1 

Years  on  which  comparisons 
are  based 

Average 
yield 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

21 

1904-1925  except  1912.  .  . 

41  0 

Indiana  Swamp 

21 

1904-1925  except  1912  

39  0 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

18 

1904-1922  except  1912  

41.1 

Hungarian  

18 

1904-1922  except  1912  

37.5 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

18 

1905-1923  except  1912  

41  3 

Beloglina  

18 

1905-1923  except  1912  

39.2 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

18 

1904-1925  except  1908,   1909, 

1910,  1912..  

40  5 

Malakof  

18 

1904-1905  except  1908,   1909, 

1910,  1912  

40.1 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

17 

1905-1922  except  1912  

41  6 

Red  Hussar  

17 

1905-1922  except  1912  

37.0 

Turkey  Red  (Station) 

14 

1906-1920  except  1912  .. 

43  6 

Pesterboden.  .  . 

14 

1906-1920  except  1912  

39  4 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

12 

1904-1917  except  1910  and  1912 

42.3 

Dawson  Golden  Chaff  

12 

1904-1917  except  1910  and  1912 

38.7 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

12 

1905-1917  except  1912  

43  5 

KB.  No.  2  

12 

1905-1917  except  1912  

37.9 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

12 

1914-1925.  . 

40  0 

Red  Cross  

12 

1914-1925  

38  1 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

11 

1915-1925  

40.1 

Dawson  Golden  Chaff  9-225.  .  . 

11 

1915-1925  

41  2 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

10 

1904-1914,  except  1912  

42.0 

Wheedling  

10 

1904-1914,  except  1912  

35.6 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

10 

1904-1  910  and  1916-1918.  . 

41  2 

Rudy  

10 

1904-1910  and  1916-1918  

27.0 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

10 

1916-1925  

39  1 

Minnesota  Reliable  

10 

1916-1925  

39.4 

Worlds  Champion  

10 

1916-1925  

39.4 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

9 

1915-1923.  . 

39.5 

Turkey  Hybrid  402  

9 

1915-1923  

39.6 

Turkev  Hybrid  509  

9 

1915-1923  

43  8 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

9 

1916-1924.. 

39  1 

Mediterranean  

9 

1916-1924  

32  4 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

8 

1916-1923.. 

38  3 

Red  Wave  

8 

1916-1923  

33  2 

Wisconsin  No.  18  

8 

1916-1923  

36.6 

JIn  each  case  the  number  of  years  given  for  the  variety  compared  with  Turkey 
Red  is  the  total  number  of  years  the  variety  was  grown. 


PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER  WHEAT 


15 


TABLE  5. — Continued 
(Bushels  per  acre) 


Varieties 

Number 
of  years 
com- 
pared1 

Years  on  which  comparisons 
are  based 

Average 
yield 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

8 

1918-1925.. 

38  4 

Red  Rock  

8 

1918-1925  

38  3 

Kanred  

8 

1918-1925.  .. 

39  1 

Ilred  (Turkey  Red  10-110)  .  .  .  . 

8 

1918-1925 

39  2 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

6 

1906-1911.  . 

46  3 

Kharkof  (U.  S.  D.  A.  11603)  .  . 

6 

1906-1911  

42.6 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

6 

1916-1921  

39.2 

Gipsy.  . 

6 

1916-1921. 

28  2 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

6 

1918-1923.  . 

37  0 

Turkey  Red  12-41  

6 

1918-1923  

39.1 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

6 

1920-1925  

38.8 

Gladden  

6 

1920-1925  

39.2 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

5 

1908-1913  except  1912.  .  . 

44  6 

Fultz  

5 

1908-1913  except  1912   . 

42  1 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

5 

1921-1925.. 

37.7 

Michigan  Amber  

5 

1921-1925  

39.7 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  .  . 

4 

1910-1914  except  1912  

44  3 

Gold  Coin  

4 

1910-1914  except  1912  

38  7 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

4 

1916-1919.  . 

39.6 

Miracle  

4 

1916-1919  

18.7 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  .  . 

4 

1917-1920.  . 

39.9 

Illini  Chief.... 

4 

1917-1920  

23.1 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

4 

1919-1922  

36.7 

Turkey  Hybrid  514  

4 

1919-1922  

37.6 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

4 

1922-1925.  . 

39.0 

Blackhull  

4 

1922-1925  

45.0 

Turkey  Red  (Station) 

3 

1906-1908.  . 

46.5 

Padi  

3 

1906-1908  

32.1 

Turkey  Red  (Station) 

3 

1916-1918   

41.3 

Marvelous 

3 

1916-1918   

15.7 

Turkey  Red  (Station) 

3 

1923-1925   

40.2 

Hardy  Northern  

3 

1923-1925  

37.7 

Forward  

3 

1923-1925  

38.1 

Malakof  (C.  I.  No.  4898)  . 

3 

1923-1925  

42.8 

Red  Russian  

3 

1923-1925  

45.0 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

2 

1904,  1905...  . 

31.1 

Jones  Longberry  .  . 

2 

1904,  1905  

18.5 

Satisfaction  

2 

1904,  1905  

19.1 

*In  each  case  the  number  of  years  given  for  the  variety  compared  with  Turkey 
Red  is  the  total  number  of  years  the  variety  was  grown. 


16 


BULLETIN  No.  276 


[June, 


TABLE  5. — Conchtded 
(Bushels  per  acre) 


Varieties 

dumber 
of  years 
com- 
pared1 

Years  on  which  comparisons 
are  based 

Average 
yield 

Turkev  Red  (Station)  

2 

1909,  1910  

43  5 

Economy  

2 

1909,  1910.. 

39  5 

Turkev  Red  (Station)  

2 

1921,  1922 

33  9 

Jones  Climax  

2 

1921,  1922  

27.6 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

2 

1924,  1925.. 

42  4 

Berkeley  Rock  

2 

1924,  1925  

30.1 

Fulcaster  (Missouri  selection)  .  . 

2 

1924,  1925  

31.5 

Poole  (Missouri  selection)  

2 

1924,  1925 

32  0 

Trumbull  

2 

1924,  1925  

33.2 

Fulhio  

2 

1924,  1925  

39.0 

Altara  2048  

2 

1924,  1925  

42.2 

Michikoff.      .                    .    . 

2 

1924,  1925 

42  7 

Kanred  2401  

2 

1924,  1925  

44.3 

Minturki  

2 

1924,  1925       

44  5 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

1 

1904 

32  2 

Poole  

1 

1904  

7.8 

European  

1 

1904  

11.9 

Turkey  Red  (Station)  

1 

1925 

44  5 

Honor  

1 

1925  

38.7 

Purkoff  

1 

1925  

46.4 

*In  each  case  the  number  of  years  given  for  the  variety  compared  with  Turkey 
Red  is  the  total  number  of  years  the  variety  was  grown. 


some  white  kernels,  is  for  the  most  part  amber  and  red.  It  has  not 
been  distributed. 

Red  Rock  has  given  an  average  yield  practically  equal  to  Turkey 
Red.  It  has  been  subject,  however,  to  rather  wide  annual  fluctuations 
in  yield. 

Red  Cross  has  averaged  during  this  eight-year  period  only  1.9 
bushels  an  acre  less  than  Turkey  Red.  It  has  been  rather  consistently 
inferior  to  Turkey  Red,  however,  the  latter  exceeding  it  in  yield  six  of 
the  eight  years.  Red  Cross  is  susceptible  both  to  the  rosette  disease 
and  to  flag  smut,  and  therefore  should  not  be  grown  in  localities  where 
these  diseases  are  known  to  exist. 

Other  promising  varieties  which  have  been  grown  from  one  to  five 
years  are  Red  Russian,  Blackhull,  Minturki,  Kanred  2401,  Michigan 
Amber,  Malakof  C.I.  No.  4898,  Michikoff,  Gladden,  and  Hardy 
Northern.  Michigan  Amber,  Gladden,  and  Hardy  Northern  are  soft 
wheats;  the  others  are  hard  varieties. 


1926} 


PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER  WHEAT 


17 


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IS  BULLETIN  No.  276  [June, 

TESTS  IN  SOUTHERN  ILLINOIS 
FAIRFIELD,  WAYNE  COUNTY 

Wayne  county  is  situated  in  the  east  side  of  the  south-central 
section  of  the  state.  The  average  annual  rainfall  in  this  district  is 
41.5  inches.  The  winter  months  have  an  average  annual  temperature 
of  33.1°  F.,  while  the  average  annual  minimum  temperature  is  approx- 
imately 7°  F.  below  zero.  Over  most  of  this  section  the  snowfall 
ranges  between  15  and  20  inches.  At  Fairfield,  however,  the  records 
indicate  less  than  15  inches. 

The  soil  of  this  field  is  Gray  Silt  Loam  On  Tight  Clay,  which  rep- 
resents large  areas  of  relatively  infertile  land  thruout  this  section. 

The  rotation  on  this  field  consisted  of  two  years  of  legumes  alter- 
nating with  one  each  of  corn  and  wheat.  During  the  last  six  years 
the  order  was  as  follows:  corn,  soybeans,  wheat,  sweet  clover.  One 
half  the  field  was  tile-drained,  while  the  other  remained  untiled.  The 
fertilization  consisted  of  crop  residues  supplemented  with  rock  phos- 
phate and  limestone,  and  manure  with  rock  phosphate  and  limestone. 
Each  variety  was  equally  represented  on  the  tiled  and  untiled  land, 
and  on  the  plots  receiving  residues  with  mineral  fertilizers,  and  those 
receiving  manure  with  mineral  fertilizers. 

This  land  is  normally  strongly  acid  and  deficient  in  organic  matter 
and  nitrogen.  Very  few  attempts  to  grow  wheat  are  made  on  much  of 
the  land  of  this  type  thruout  Marion,  Clay,  and  Wayne  counties.  The 
yields  obtained,  particularly  from  1917  to  1922,  clearly  indicate  the 
possibilities  of  producing  wheat  on  such  land  when  the  soil  is  limed 
and  properly  fertilized,  such  fertilization  being  accomplished  partly  by 
means  of  mineral  fertilizers  but  more  especially  by  the  growing  and 
turning  under  of  legume  crops.  Liming,  however,  is  first  necessary  in 
order  to  produce  the  legumes  abundantly. 

Variety  trials  were  conducted  on  this  field  from  1906  to  1923,  at 
which  time  the  field  was  discontinued.  Altho  wheat  makes  a  less  vig- 
orous fall  growth  in  this  section  than  in  the  more  fertile  regions,  still 
there  was  but  one  year  in  which  the  crop  was  a  complete  failure. 

During  the  seventeen  years  that  wheat  was  grown  at  Fairfield,  41 
varieties  and  strains  were  tested.  Fulcaster  was  taken  as  the  standard 
variety,  and  is  the  only  one  continued  thruout  the  entire  period.  The 
annual  yields  are  given  in  Table  7,  and  the  percentage  rating  of  each 
variety  based  upon  the  average  yield  of  Fulcaster  for  the  same  period 
is  shown  in  the  last  column,  A  summary  showing  the  years  each  vari- 
ety was  grown,  and  the  average  yield  compared  with  the  average  yield 
of  Fulcaster  for  the  same  period,  is  given  in  Table  8. 

Illini  Chief  is  the  only  variety  which  gave  a  percentage  rating 
greater  than  Fulcaster.  It  will  be  observed  from  Table  8  that  in  many 


19S61 


PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER  WHE.\T 


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20 


BULLETIN  No.  276 


[June, 


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PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER  WHEAT 


21 


TABLE  8. — F AIRFIELD  FIELD:     COMPARABLE  AVERAGE  YIELDS  OF  VARIETIES 

OF  WINTER  WHEAT  USING  FULCASTER  AS  A  STANDARD  FOR  COMPARISON 

(Bushels  per  acre) 


Varieties 

Number 
of  years 
com- 
pared1 

Years  on  which  comparisons 
are  based 

Average 
yield 

Fulcaster  

15 

1906-1921  except  1909  

18  9 

Harvest  King  

15 

1906-1921  except  1909  

16  6 

Fulcaster  

14 

1906-1920  except  1909  

18.1 

Wheedling  

14 

1906-1920  except  1909  

16  6 

Fulcaster  

13 

1906-1920  except  1909,  1915.  .  . 

19.0 

Dawson  Golden  Chaff  

13 

1906-1920  except  1909,  1915  

15.2 

Fulcaster  

13 

1910-1922.. 

20.8 

Economy  

13 

1910-1922  

20.6 

Fulcaster  

9 

1906,  1907,  1916-1922  

20.9 

Poole  

9 

1906,  1907,  1916-1922  

18.6 

Fulcaster  

9 

1914-1922  

21.3 

Jersey  Fultz  

9 

1914-1922  

19.6 

Fulcaster  

8 

1906,  1907,  1916-1921  .  . 

20.7 

Rudy  .          .    . 

8 

1906,  1907,  1916-1921  

19.2 

Fulcaster  

8 

1907,  1910-1916.. 

17.5 

Missouri  Pride  

8 

1907,  1910-1916  

16.4 

Fulcaster  

8 

1915-1922  

21.9 

Gipsv  .  . 

8 

1915-1922  

20.7 

Red  Cross  

8 

1915-1922  

20.7 

Fulcaster  

7 

1906,  1907,  1910-1914  

16.4 

Indiana  Swamp 

7 

1906,  1907,  1910-1914  

14.9 

Fulcaster  ... 

7 

1915-1921.. 

21.7 

Miracle.  .  . 

7 

1915-1921  

16.7 

Mediterranean  .   . 

7 

1915-1921  

17.4 

Fulcaster  

7 

1916-1922  

24.1 

Marvelous 

7 

1916-1922   

22.9 

Harvest  Queen  

7 

1916-1922  

24.0 

Fulcaster  

6 

1916-1921.  . 

24.3 

Early  Red  Clawson 

6 

1916-1921  

20.7 

Turkey  Hybrid  509 

6 

1916-1921  

20.8 

Fulcaster     .   .  . 

6 

1917-1922  

24.5 

Illini  Chief.  .  . 

6 

1917-1922  

25.6 

Fulcaster  

5 

1906,  1907,  1912-1914  

13.2 

Red  Hussar  .  . 

5 

1906,  1907,  1912-1914  

10.7 

Fulcaster  

5 

1915,  1917-1920  

20.0 

Red  Wave  

5 

1915,  1917-1920  

15.7 

*In  each  case  the  number  of  years  given  for  the  variety  compared  with  Turkey 
Red  is  the  total  number  of  years  the  variety  was  grown. 
(Table  concluded  on  page  22.) 


22 


BULLETIN  No.  276 


[June, 


TABLE  8.- 
(Bushels 


-Concluded 
per  acre) 


Varieties 

Number 
of  years 
com- 
pared1 

Years  on  which  comparisons 
are  based 

Average 
yield 

Fulcaster  

4 

1908,  1912-1914 

15  7 

Fultz  

4 

1908,  1912-1914  

14.0 

Fulcaster  

4 

1914,  1915,  1921,  1922 

19  1 

Nieeer.  .  , 

4 

1914.  1915,  1921,  1922 

18  6 

Fulcaster  

4 

1917-1920 

23  4 

Canadian  Hybrid  

4 

1917-1920 

22  9 

Fulcaster  

4 

1917-1920 

23  4 

Marvelous,  J^  seeding  

4 

1917-1920  .  . 

15  4 

Fulcaster  

3 

1906-1908 

11  8 

Theiss  (U.  S.  D.  A.  No.  12004)  . 

3 

1906-1908  

4.7 

Malakof  

3 

1906-1908 

7  9 

Fulcaster  

3 

1912-1914.. 

15  5 

Kharkof  

3 

1912-1914  . 

9  1 

Hungarian  

3 

1912-1914 

12  8 

Fulcaster  

3 

1917-1919   . 

25.1 

Prize  Taker  

3 

1917-1919 

20  4 

Fulcaster  

3 

1918-1920 

22  2 

Ilred  (Turkey  Red  10-110)  

3 

1918-1920  

17.2 

Fulcaster  

3 

1921-1923 

23  8 

Trumbull  

3 

1921-1923  :  

23.6 

Fulcaster  

2 

1906-1907  

9  7 

Turkey  Red.  

2 

1906-1907 

6  3 

KB.  No.  2  

.  2 

1906-1907  

7.4 

Fulcaster  

2 

1912,  1913   

14.7 

Beloglina  

2 

1912,  1913 

8.5 

Pesterboden  

2 

1912,  1913 

11.1 

Fulcaster  

2 

1920,  1921  

24.3 

Big  Harvest  Fultz  

2 

1920,  1921  

16.2 

Fulcaster  - 

2 

1921,  1922..                  

26.5 

Gladden  

2 

1921,  1922  

24.0 

Portage  

2 

1921,  1922  

25.0 

Fulcaster  

1 

1921     

30.1 

Dawson  Golden  Chaff  9-225 

1 

1921     

18.2 

Poole  (Ohio  Station)  

1 

1921   

29.1 

Fulcaster  (Soil  Field)  

1 

1921  

32.9 

*In  each  case  the  number  of  years  given  for  the  variety  compared  with  Turkey 
Red  is  the  total  number  of  years  the  variety  was  grown. 


1926} 


PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER  WHEAT 


23 


instances  the  average  yield  of  any  particular  variety  is  not  greatly 
surpassed  by  Fulcaster.  Probably  in  most  instances  the  differences  are 
within  the  range  of  experimental  error ;  still  the  constancy  with  which 
Fulcaster  has  exceeded  the  yields  of  other  varieties  is  strong  evidence 
of  its  reliability. 

Of  the  41  varieties  grown  on  this  field,  8  were  of  the  Turkey  Red 
type  and  1  was  a  hybrid  of  that  variety.  None  of  these  varieties 
proved  to  be  adapted  to  the  conditions  on  this  field. 

The  yields  of  9  varieties,  each  of  which  was  grown  during  the  six- 
year  period  1917  to  1922,  are  given  in  Table  9.  Compared  in  this 
manner,  Illini  Chief  retained  its  position  at  the  head  of  the  list.  Ful- 
caster, however,  dropped  to  sixth  place  tho,  excepting  Illini  Chief,  it 

TABLE  9. — F AIRFIELD  FIELD:    COMPARATIVE  TEST  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER 

WHEAT  GROWN  DURING  THE  Six- YEAR  PERIOD  1917-1922 

(Bushels  per  acre) 


Varieties 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 

1922 

Average 
yield 

Illini  Chief  

31  0 

26.3 

25  6 

19.8 

27.8 

23.1 

25  6 

Red  Cross  

34  5 

26  1 

23  2 

23  0 

26  2 

17  3 

25  1 

Economy  

35.4 

21.3 

24.5 

19.6 

28.5 

20.6 

25.0 

Harvest  Queen  

33.6 

22.1 

22.5 

24.9 

27.2 

18.3 

24.8 

Marvelous  

26  2 

23  1 

26  0 

19  8 

31.8 

21.9 

24.8 

Fulcaster  

27.2 

23.9 

24.2 

18.4 

30.1 

22.9 

24.5 

Jersey  Fultz  

24.4 

21.3 

25.8 

20.6 

29.8 

22.1 

24.0 

Gipsy.  . 

30.4 

22  2 

26  2 

13.1 

27.4 

20.7 

23.3 

Poole  

28.7 

20.2 

20.5 

20.1 

23.8 

22.8 

22.7 

was  not  exceeded  in  average  yield  by  any  variety  more  than  0.6  bushel, 
which  difference  is  easily  within  the  limits  of  experimental  error. 

ALHAMBRA  IN  MADISON  COUNTY 

This  field  is  located  in  the  western  part  of  the  south-central  section 
of  the  state.  The  soil  is  classified  as  Brown-Gray  Silt  Loam  On  Tight 
Clay.  "Scald  spots"  or  "slick  spots,"  the  nature  and  cause  of  which 
are  not  well  understood,  are  numerous.  The  soil  of  the  field  is  repre- 
sentative of. a  considerable  area  in  this  section  of  the  state. 

A  four-year  rotation  consisting  of  corn,  oats,  mammoth  clover, 
and  wheat  is  employed.  In  case  the  clover  fails,  soybeans  are  grown 
in  their  stead.  All  plots  from  which  variety  yields  are  taken  are  fer- 
tilized with  crop  residues,  ground  limestone,  and  rock  phosphate.  A 
catch  crop  of  sweet  clover  is  sown  with  the  wheat  to  be  plowed  under 
for  corn. 

Wheat  has  been  grown  on  this  field  since  1919,  except  during  the 
season  of  1924  when,  owing  to  a  series  of  unfortunate  circumstances  at 
seeding  time  in  the  autumn  of  1923,  no  crop  was  produced.  In  all,  21 
varieties  of  wheat  have  been  tested  on  this  field  for  one  to  six  years. 


24 


BULLETIN  No.  276 


[June, 


The  annual  yields  and  the  percentage  ratings  with  Fulcaster  as 
the  standard  for  comparison  are  given  in  Table  10,  while  in  Table  11 
are  given  the  number  of  years  each  variety  has  been  tried  and  the  aver- 
age yields  compared  with  Fulcaster  for  the  same  years. 

Of  the  varieties  grown  for  three  to  six  years,  Mediterranean  has 
made  the  highest  record,  Fulcaster  ranking  a  close  second.  The  hard 
varieties  have  been  represented  by  Blackhull  and  Ilred  (Turkey  Red 

TABLE  10. — ALHAMBRA  FIELD:     ANNUAL  YIELDS  OP  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER 

WHEAT  AND  PERCENTAGE  RATINGS  USING  FULCASTER  AS  A  STANDARD 

FOR  COMPARISON 

(Bushels  per  acre) 


Varieties 

1919 

1920 

1921 

1922 

1923 

1925 

Percentage 
rating 

Forward     .                    

27.0 

121.6 

Fulhio 

26.4 

118.9 

Michigan  Amber 

25.7 

115  8 

Gladden  .  .      .              

25.1 

113.1 

Shepherd 

24.9 

112  2 

Red  Rock  

39.0 

22.5 

108.3 

Fulcaster  (Missouri  selec- 
tion)   

23.9 

107.7 

Trumbull  

23.9 

107.7 

Poole  (Missouri  selection)  . 

23.6 

106  3 

Mediterranean  

14.9 

16.5 

i5.2 

28.9 

39.6 

23.9 

102.9 

Fulcaster  

15.6 

15.7 

15.2 

31.8 

34.6 

22.2 

100.0 

Rudv  

13.0 

11.5 

16.6 

31.4 

38.6 

98.4 

Gipsy  

16.6 

16.8 

14.3 

23.4 

38.5 

97.1 

Blackhull  

33.7 

27.8 

24.3 

96  8 

Illini  Chief  

15.0 

16.2 

29.1 

31.9 

22.5 

96.0 

Red  Wave  

15.1 

14.6 

13.4 

26.0 

38.4 

95.2 

Marvelous      '- 

13  1 

16  4 

15  5 

23  3 

37  7 

93  9 

Jersey  Fultz  

15  2 

12  5 

16  0 

25  2 

36  1 

93  0 

Ilred  (Turkey  Red  10-110)  . 
Harvest  King  

17.6 
11.5 

14.4 
10.9 

12.9 
13.0 

21.3 

31.9 

22.6 

89.4 
76.1 

Harvest  Queen  

17.1 

32.9 

75.3 

10-110).  Blackhull  has  exceeded  the  standard  variety,  Fulcaster,  two 
of  the  three  years  it  was  grown,  and  its  average  yield  was  but  0.9 
bushel  less.  Ilred  (Turkey  Red  10-110)  was  out-yielded  by  Fulcaster 
four  of  the  six  years  it  has  been  tested. 

A  number  of  varieties  not  hitherto  grown  on  this  field  were  intro- 
duced in  1925.  Some  of  these,  such  as  Forward,  Fulhio,  Michigan 
Amber,  Gladden,  and  Shepherd,  have  made  rather  promising  prelim- 
inary records. 

HARD  vs.  SOFT  VARIETIES  IN  CENTRAL  ILLINOIS 

The  data  that  have  been  presented  show  that  the  hard  Crimean 
wheats  are  well  adapted  to  the  central  section  of  the  state.  Further- 


1926] 


PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER  WHEAT 


25 


more,  because  of  their  recognized  reliability  and  productiveness  they 
have  come  to  be  very  largely  grown  thruout  this  section.  There  are 
many  growers,  however,  who  still  adhere  to  the  soft  varieties. 

The  growing  of  the  two  classes  of  wheat  in  the  same  community 
leads  inevitably  to  more  or  less  mixing.  This  mixing  may  result  from 
the  transfer  of  seed  from  one  farm  to  another  by  the  threshing  outfits, 
or  it  may  occur  at  the  elevators.  For  most  purposes  mixed  wheat  is 
inferior  to  its  component  classes  of  the  same  grade. 

A  considerable  portion  of  the  central  section,  as  well  as  the  entire 
southern  part  of  the  state,  is  tributary  to  soft  wheat  markets.  For 

TABLE  11.— ALHAMBRA  FIELD:     COMPARABLE  AVERAGE  YIELDS  OF  WINTER 

WHEAT  USING  FULCASTER  AS  A  STANDARD  FOR  COMPARISON 

(Bushels  per  acre) 


Varieties 

Number 
of  years 
com- 
pared1 

Years  on  which  comparisons 
are  based 

Average 
yield 

Fulcaster  

6 

1919-1925  except  1924  

22.5 

Ilred  (Turkey  Red  10-110)  

6 

1919-1925  except  1924  

20.1 

Mediterranean  

6 

1919-1925  except  1924  

23  2 

Fulcaster  

5 

1919-1923  

22.6 

Jersey  Fultz  

5 

1919-1923  

21.0 

Marvelous  

5 

1919-1923  

21  2 

Red  Wave  

5 

1919-1923  

21.5 

Gipsv  .  . 

5 

1919-1923  

21.9 

Rudy  

5 

1919-1923  

22.2 

Fulcaster      ....       .  .    . 

5 

1920-1925  except  1924  

23  9 

Illini  Chief 

5 

1920-1925  except  1924  

22  9 

Fulcaster  

3 

1919-1921.. 

15.5 

Harvest  King  

3 

1919-1921  

11.8 

Fulcaster  

3 

1922,  1923,1925.. 

29.5 

Blackhull 

3 

1922,  1923,  1925  

28.6 

Fulcaster 

2 

1922,  1923  

33.2 

Harvest  Queen 

2 

1922,  1923  

25  0 

Fulcaster  

2 

1923,1925  

28.4 

Red  Rock  ...    . 

2 

1923,  1925  

30.8 

Fulcaster  

1 

1925  .  . 

22.2 

Forward 

1 

1925  

27.0 

Fulhio     . 

1 

1925  

26.4 

Michigan  Amber 

1 

1925  

25.7 

Gladden  

1 

1925  

25.1 

Shepherd 

1 

1925  

24.9 

Fulcaster  (Missouri  selection) 

1 

1925  

23  9 

Trumbull  

1 

1925  

23.9 

Poole  (Missouri  selection)  

1 

1925  

23.6 

lln  each  case  the  number  of  years  given  for  the  variety  compared  with  Turkey 
Red  is  the  total  number  of  years  the  variety  was  grown. 


26  BULLETIN  No.  276  [June, 

some  time  these  markets  have  paid  a  premium  for  soft  wheat,  and  at 
times  the  spread  in  prices  has  been  rather  wide.  Whether  this  condi- 
tion will  continue  indefinitely  is  difficult  to  predict.  At  the  present 
time,  however,  there  is  considerable  complaint  from  certain  marketing 
agencies  concerning  the  amount  of  hard  and  mixed  wheat  which  is 
being  shipped  from  the  central  section  of  the  state.  Likewise,  because 
of  the  premium  paid  for  soft  wheat,  a  renewal  of  interest  in  soft  wheat 
has  recently  been  shown  by  the  growers  residing  in  this  section. 

As  the  situation  exists  at  present  it  would  appear  that  the  farmers 
in  this  section  will  have  to  choose  between  a  lower  price  for  their  wrheat 
or  the  possibility  of  a  lower  yield  of  grain.  The  hazard  involved  in 
the  latter  contingency  may  be  minimized  by  growing  the  hardiest  and 
most  productive  varieties  of  soft  wheat.  Of  the  commercial  varieties 
more  or  less  extensively  growrn,  the  following  have  proved  reasonably 
dependable  in  these  tests:  Red  Rock,  Red  Cross,  Michigan  Amber,  and 
Gladden. 

Within  recent  years  the  only  season  at  Urbana  which  has  given 
the  varieties  a  severe  test  of  their  relative  winter  resistance  was  the 
season  of  1923-24.  Red  Rock  proved  to  be  rather  the  more  resistant 
of  the  four  varieties  mentioned  above,  which  are  listed  in  the  order 
of  their  resistance  and  which  yielded  in  the  same  order.  The  average 
yield  of  all  four  varieties  for  that  season  was  39.5  bushels  an  acre, 
while  the  average  yield  of  10  varieties  of  hard  wrheat  was  43.3  bushels. 
Red  Rock  produced  43.1  bushels  an  acre.  The  highest-yielding  hard 
wheat  that  year  was  Red  Russian,  which  produced  48.5  bushels  an 
acre.  Red  Rock  is  a  bearded  variety,  w-hile  Red  Cross  and  Michigan 
Amber  are  smooth.  Most  growers  of  soft  wheat  prefer  awnless  varieties. 


1926}  PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER  WHEAT  27 

DESCRIPTION  OF  VARIETIES1 

Including  Origin,  Source  of  Seed,  and  Performance 
on  Experiment  Fields 

Altara  2048.  A  selection  from  Alberta  Red  made  by  the  Kansas  Station. 
Similar  to  Turkey  Red.  In  Kansas  it  has  been  found  to  produce  very  hard  red 
kernels  which  usually  do  not  show  a  yellow  berry.  Has  not  made  a  high  yield 
record  as  compared  with  other  hard  wheats.  Not  yet  grown  commercially. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  Kansas  Station  in  summer  of  1923,  from  which  a 
crop  was  grown  at  Urbana  in  1924.  Average  yield  for  two-year  period  422  bush- 
els an  acre,  Turkey  Red  (Station)  same  period  42.4  bushels.  Proved  winter 
resistant  during  severe  winter  of  1923-24. 

Beloglina.  Similar  to  Turkey  Red  (see  page  34).  Introduced  by  the  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture  in  1900  from  Russia,  where  it  was  grown  near  Belog- 
linskaya  in  northern  Stavropol.  This  section  of  Russia  is  subject  to  extreme  con- 
ditions of  both  temperature  and  moisture. 

Seed  obtained  from  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  in  1904.  First  crop  pro- 
duced at  Urbana  in  1905.  Yields:  eighteen-year  average  at  Urbana  39.2  bushels, 
Turkey  Red  41.32;  three-year  average  at  DeKalb  30.2  bushels,  Turkey  Red  32.1; 
two-year  average  at  Fairfield  8.5  bushels,  Fulcaster  14.7.  Winter  hardy;  weak 
straw. 

Berkeley  Rock.  Originated  at  the  Michigan  Station.  Is  the  result  of  a  cross 
between  Berkeley  and  Red  Rock  made  in  1915.  Considered  at  the  Michigan 
Station  to  be  winter  hardy  and  of  outstanding  quality.  Awned;  chaff  white, 
glabrous;  straw  purple;  kernels  red,  soft. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  Michigan  Station.  First  crop  harvested  at  Urbana 
in  1924;  seriously  injured  during  winter  of  1923-24.  Average  yield  for  two-year 
period  30.1  bushels,  Turkey  Red  42.4. 

Big  Harvest  Fultz.  A  selection  from  Fultz  (see  page  28).  Has  longer  and 
stronger  straw  and  larger  heads  than  the  original  Fultz. 

Seed  obtained  from  Everitt's  O.  K.  Seed  Store,  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  in 
1919.  Two-year  average  yield  at  Fairfield  16.2  bushels,  Fulcaster  24.3.  The 
variety  is  late  and  proved  susceptible  to  scab. 

Blackball.  Resembles  Turkey  Red  but  differs  from  it  in  having  black  mark- 
ings on  the  chaff;  is  also  less  resistant  to  winterkilling  and  produces  softer  grain. 
Selected  from  a  field  of  Turkey  Red  in  1912  by  E.  G.  Clark  of  Sedgwick,  Kansas. 

Grown  first  at  Urbana  and  Alhambra  in  1922  from  seed  secured  from  W. 
H.  Miller  of  Williamsville,  Sangamon  county,  Illinois.  Winterkilled  seriously 
in  the  season  of  1923-24.  Yields:  four-year  average  at  Urbana  45.0  bushels, 
Turkey  Red  39.0;  three-year  average  at  Alhambra  28.6  bushels,  Fulcaster  29.5; 
three-year  average  at  DeKalb  37.1  bushels,  Turkey  Red  40.3. 

Canadian  Hybrid.  Synonym  for  Jones  Fife,  which  is  said  to  be  a  hybrid 
resulting  from  crossing  Fultz,  Russian  Velvet,  and  Mediterranean.  Was  orig- 
inated by  A.  N.  Jones  of  Newark,  Wayne  county,  New  York,  in  1889.  Awnless; 
chaff  white,  pubescent;  straw  white,  medium  strong;  kernels  red,  soft  to  semi- 
hard.  Inferior  for  bread  making. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  John  A.  Salzer  Seed  Company,  La  Crosse,  Wiscon- 
sin, in  1915.  Yields:  five-year  average  at  DeKalb  28.1  bushels,  Turkey  Red 
29.4;  four-year  average  at  Fairfield  22.9  bushels,  Fulcaster  23.4. 

1Fbr  description  of  varieties  and  history  of  their  origin,  the  writer  has  drawn  freely  upon 
Bulletin  1074  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  "Classification  of  American  Wheat  Vari- 
eties," by  J.  Allen  Clark,  John  H.  Martin,  and  Carleton  R.  Ball.  1922. 

2A11  yields  are  given  in  terms  of  bushels  an  acre.  All  comparisons  of  yields  are  bas?d  on 
averages  of  the  same  seasons. 


28  BULLETIN  No.  276  [June, 

Dawson  Golden  Chaff.  Originated  in  1881  by  Robert  Dawson  of  Paris, 
Ontario,  Canada,  who  found  a  single  superior  plant  in  a  field  of  Seneca  or  Claw- 
son.  Awnless;  chaff  brown,  glabrous;  stem  white,  strong;  kernels  white,  soft. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  Michigan  Station  in  1892.  Yields:  twelve-year 
average  at  Urbana  38.7  bushels,  Turkey  Red  42.3;  eleven-year  average  at  DeKalb 
27.1  bushels,  Turkey  Red  32.7;  thirteen-year  average  at  Fairfield  152  bushels, 
Fulcaster  19.0. 

Dawson  Golden  Chaff  9-211.  Pure-line  selection  made  by  the  Plant  Breed- 
ing Division  of  the  Illinois  Station.  Tested  at  DeKalb;  one-year  yield  22.6 
bushels,  Turkey  Red  392. 

Dawson  Golden  Chaff  9-225.  Originated  from  a  single  head  selected  from  a 
plot  of  Dawson  Golden  Chaff  in  1909  at  the  Illinois  Station;  introduced  in  crops 
variety  trials  in  1915;  differs  from  Dawson  Golden  Chaff  in  producing  for  the 
most  part  red  kernels.  Stands  well. 

Yields:  eleven-year  average  at  Urbana  41.2  bushels,  Turkey  Red  40.1;  one 
year  at  Fairfield  182  bushels,  Fulcaster  30.1. 

Early  Red  Clawson.  Originated  by  A.  N.  Jones  of  Newark,  Wayne  county. 
New  York,  in  1888  by  crossing  Clawson  and  Golden  Cross.  Awnless;  chaff  brown, 
glabrous;  straw  purple,  strong;  kernels  pale  red,  soft. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  John  A.  Salzer  Seed  Company,  La  Crosse,  Wiscon- 
sin, in  1915.  Yields:  five-year  average  at  DeKalb  21.4  bushels,  Turkey  Red  29.4; 
six-year  average  at  Fairfield  20.7  bushels,  Fulcaster  24.3. 

Economy.  Synonym  for  Fultz  (see  Fultz).  Origin  of  seed  sown  by  Sta- 
tion unknown;  grown  at  Urbana  in  1909  and  1910. 

Yields :  two-year  average  at  Urbana  39.5  bushels,  Turkey  Red  43.5 ;  thirteen- 
year  average  at  Fairfield  20.6  bushels,  Fulcaster  20.8. 

Forward.  A  selection  made  from  a  commercial  lot  of  Fulcaster  grown  at 
the  Cornell  Station.  Awnless;  chaff  white;  kernels  soft,  red;  stems  white. 

Grown  first  at  Urbana  in  1923  from  seed  secured  thru  Professor  H.  H.  Love 
of  Cornell.  Yields:  three-year  average  at  Urbana  38.1  bushels,  Turkey  Red  40.2: 
one  year  at  Alhambra  27.0  bushels,  Fulcaster  22.2.  Very  badly  winterkilled  at 
Urbana  in  1924.  Stands  well. 

Fulcaster.  This  variety  resulted  from  a  cross  of  Fultz  and  Lancaster  made 
by  S.  M.  Schindel  of  Hagerstown,  Maryland,  in  1886.  Awncd;  chaff  white, 
glabrous;  straw  strong,  purple;  kernels  red,  semi-hard. 

Seed  secured  from  W.  E.  Braden,  Sparta,  Illinois,  in  1915;  later  from  south- 
ern Illinois  soil  experiment  fields.  Grown  at  Fairfield  seventeen  years,  average 
yield  19.1  bushels;  six-year  average  at  Alhambra  22.5.  Used  as  standard  on  both 
fields. 

Fulcaster  (Missouri  selection).  A  superior  strain  grown  by  the  Missouri 
Station. 

Seed  secured  from  the  Missouri  Station  in  1923.  Winterkilled  very  seri- 
ously at  Urbana  in  1923-24.  Yields:  two-year  average  at  Urbana  31.5  bushels, 
Turkey  Red  42.4;  one  year  at  Alhambra,  23.9,  Fulcaster  (Station  strain)  22.2. 

Fulhio.    Pure-line  selection  made  by  the  Ohio  Station  from  Fultz. 

Seed  secured  from  Dan  Davies  of  Jonesboro,  Illinois.  Yields:  two-year 
average  at  DeKalb  41.3  bushels,  Turkey  Red  39.6;  two-year  average  at  Urbana 
39  bushels,  Turkey  Red  42.4;  one  year  at  Alhambra  26.4  bushels,  Fulcaster  222. 

Fultz.  Selected  by  Abraham  Fultz  of  Mifflin  county,  Pennsylvania,  in  1862 
from  a  field  of  Lancaster.  Three  spikes  of  awnless  wheat  found  in  a  field  of 
bearded  wheat  constituted  the  foundation  stock.  Variety  named  after  the  orig- 
inator. Awnless;  chaff  white,  glabrous;  kernels  red,  semi-hard;  straw  medium 
strong,  purple;  fairly  hardy. 


19%6\  PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER  WHEAT  29 

Origin  of  Station  stock  of  seed  unknown.  Yields:  five-year  average  at  Ur- 
bana  42.1  bushels,  Turkey  Red  44.6;  one  year  at  DeKalb  30.6  bushels,  Turkey 
Red  39 2;  four-year  average  at  Fairfield  14.0  bushels,  Fulcaster  15.7. 

Gipsy.  Origin  not  definitely  known.  Awned;  chaff  white,  glabrous;  straw 
white,  medium  strong;  kernels  red  and  soft  to  semi-hard. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  Wing  Seed  Company,  Mechanicsburg,  Ohio. 
Grown  first  at  DeKalb  and  Fairfield  in  1915.  Yields:  four-year  average  at  De- 
Kalb 19.5  bushels,  Turkey  Red  32.3;  eight-year  average  at  Fairfield  20.7  bushels, 
Fulcaster  21.9;  six-year  average  at  Urbana  28 2  bushels,  Turkey  Red  39.2;  five- 
year  average  at  Alhambra  21.9  bushels,  Fulcaster  22.6.  Complete  failure  at  Ur- 
bana in  1917  due  to  winterkilling. 

Gladden.  Pure-line  selection  from  the  Gipsy  variety  made  by  the  Ohio 
Station  in  1905.  Has  stronger  straw  and  in  Ohio  has  proved  superior  to  Gipsy 
in  yield  and  quality. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  Ohio  Seed  Company,  Wapakeneta,  Ohio,  in  1919. 
Yields:  six-year  average  at  Urbana  39.2  bushels,  Turkey  Red  38.8;  two-year  aver- 
age at  Fairfield  24.0  bushels,  Fulcaster  26.5;  one  year  at  Alhambra  25.1  bushels, 
Fulcaster  22.2.  Winterkilled  at  Urbana  very  seriously  in  season  of  1923-24. 
Stands  very  well. 

Gold  Coin.  Origin  not  definitely  known  but  probably  a  descendant  of  the 
Redchaff  variety  grown  at  a  very  early  date  in  the  Genesee  valley  of  New  York. 
Awnless,  clavate;  chaff  brown,  glabrous;  straw  strong,  purple;  kernels  white  and 
soft. 

Source  of  seed  unknown.  Grown  first  at  Urbana  in  1910.  Yields:  four-year 
average  at  Urbana  38.7  bushels,  Turkey  Red  44.3;  one  year  at  DeKalb  32.5  bush- 
els, Turkey  Red  392. 

Hardy  Northern.  Origin  unknown.  Awned;  chaff  brown,  glabrous;  straw 
white,  strong;  kernels  red  and  semi-hard. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  John  A.  Salzer  Seed  Company,  La  Crosse,  Wiscon- 
sin, in  1915.  Grown  first  at  DeKalb  in  1916.  Yields:  nine-year  average  at  De- 
Kalb 36.6  bushels,  Turkey  Red  35.0;  three-year  average  at  Urbana  37.7  bushels, 
Turkey  Red  402.  Very  winter  hardy  and  stands  well. 

Harvest  King.  Synonym  for  Poole  (see  page  32).  Seed  obtained  from  W.  E. 
Branden,  Sparta,  Illinois,  in  1904  and  1910;  also  from  the  John  A.  Salzer  Seed 
Company,  La  Crosse,  Wisconsin,  in  1915.  Yields:  fifteen-year  average  at  Fair- 
field  16.6  bushels;  Fulcaster  18.9;  three-year  average  at  Alhambra  11.8  bushels, 
Fuloister  15.5. 

Harvest  Queen-  This  variety  is  said  to  have  been  originated  by  E.  S.  Mar- 
shall of  De  Soto,  Kansas,  who  in  1895  found  a  superior  appearing  plant  growing 
in  a  field  of  some  other  variety.  He  saved  the  seed  from  this  plant  and  in- 
creased it.  Grown  chiefly  in  Kansas,  Missouri,  Oklahoma,  and  Illinois.  Awnless; 
chaff  white,  glabrous;  kernels  red,  soft;  straw  white,  stands  well. 

Seed  secured  from  the  John  A.  Salzer  Seed  Company,  La  Crosse,  Wisconsin. 
Yields:  seven-year  average  at  Fairfield  24.0  bushels,  Fulcaster  24.1;  two-year  av- 
erage at  Alhambra  25.0  bushels,  Fulcaster  33.2. 

Honor.  This  variety  is  a  selection  made  from  Dawson  Golden  Chaff  at  the 
Cornell  Station.  There  is  no  difference  in  the  appearance  of  the  two  varieties. 
Honor,  however,  is  said  to  have  somewhat  stronger  straw,  to  be  more  winter 
resistant,  and  to  yield  more. 

Seed  secured  thru  Professor  H.  H.  Love  of  the  Cornell  Station  in  1924. 
Yield  at  Urbana  in  1925,  38.7  bushels,  Turkey  Red  44.5. 

Hungarian.  Synonym  for  Turkey  Red  (see  page  34).  Seed  obtained  from 
the  Kentucky  Station  in  1902.  Yields:  eighteen-year  average  at  Urbana  37.5 


30 


BULLETIN  No.  276  [June, 


bushels,  Turkey  Red  41.1;  four-year  average  at  DeKalb  33.3  bushels,  Turkey 
Red  33.9;  three-year  average  at  Fairfield  12.8  bushels,  Fulcaster  15.5.  Hardy; 
straw  weak. 

Illini  Chief.  Introduced  in  the  fall  of  1915  by  E.  L.  Gillham  of  Edwards- 
ville  Illinois,  who  advertised  it  as  being  resistant  to  Hessian  fly.  His  stock  came 
originally  from  Ohio,  where  it  was  known  locally  as  Early  Carlyle.  Awnless;  chaff 
brown,  glabrous;  straw  long,  strong,  purple;  kernels  soft,  red. 

Seed  obtained  from  E.  L.  Gillham,  Edwardsville,  Illinois.  Yields:  four-year 
average  at  Urbana  23.1  bushels,  Turkey  Red  39.9;  six-year  average  at  Fairfield 
25.6  bushels,  Fulcaster  24.5;  five-year  average  at  Alhambra  22.9  bushels,  iul- 
caster  23.9.  Not  winter  hardy  at  Urbana;  in  1917  complete  failure. 

Ilred.   See  Turkey  Red  10-110  (page  35). 

Indiana  Swamp.  Synonym  for  Valley.  Exact  origin  unknown.  The  Ohio 
Station  obtained  seed  in  1883  from  Elias  Tetter  of  Pleasant  Plain,  Ohio.  Re- 
sembles Gipsy  but  is  taller,  slightly  earlier,  and  has  somewhat  longer  spikes  and 
glumes. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  Kentucky  Station  in  1902.  Yields:  twenty-one- 
year  average  at  Urbana  39.0  bushels,  Turkey  Red  41.0;  five-year  average  at  De- 
Kalb 27.4  bushels,  Turkey  Red  34.3;  seven-year  average  at  Fairfield  14.9  bushels, 
Fulcaster  16.4.  Hardy;  straw  medium  strong. 

Jersey  Fultz.  Synonym  for  Fultz  (see  page  28).  Seed  secured  from  the 
Kentucky  Station  in  1913.  Yields:  nine-year  average  at  Fairfield  19.6  bushels, 
Fulcaster  21.3;  five-year  average  at  Alhambra  21.0  bushels,  Fulcaster  22.6. 

Jones  Climax.  The  origin  of  this  variety  is  somewhat  in  doubt.  Distributed 
by  Everett's  O.  K.  Seed  Store,  Indianapolis,  Indiana.  Apparently  the  same  as 
K.  B.  No.  2.  Awnless;  chaff  white,  glabrous;  straw  white,  medium  strong,  long; 
kernels  red,  soft. 

^  Seed  obtained  from  Everett's  O.  K.  Seed  Store,  Indianapolis,  Indiana.  First 
grown  in  trials  at  Urbana,  1921.  Two-year  average  yield  27.6  bushels,  Turkey 
Red  33.9. 

Jones  Longberry.  Synonym  for  Red  May.  Probably  was  selected  from 
Virginia  May,  a  white-kerneled  wheat,  by  General  Harmon  about  1830.  Has  been 
grown  extensively  under  the  name  of  Red  May  and  numerous  other  synonyms. 
Awnless;  chaff  brown,  glabrous;  straw  purple,  medium  strong;  kernels  red  and 
soft. 

Seed  obtained  from  J.  A.  Everitt,  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  in  1902.  Two-year 
average  yield  at  Urbana  18.5  bushels,  Turkey  Red  31.1. 

Kanred.  A  pure-line  selection  made  at  the  Kansas  Station  in  1906  from  a 
Crimean  wheat,  C.I.  No.  1435.  Practically  identical  in  appearance  with  Turkey 
Red  except  that  the  beaks  on  outer  glumes  are  somewhat  longer.  Resistant  to  cer- 
tain forms  of  leaf  and  stem  rust,  and  said  to  be  somewhat  more  winter  hardy 
and  earlier.  Awned;  chaff  white,  glabrous;  straw  white,  weak;  kernels  red  and 
hard. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  Kansas  Station  in  1917.  Grown  at  Urbana  first  in 
1918.  Yields:  eight-year  average  39.1  bushels,  Turkey  Red  38.4;  six-year  average 
at  DeKalb  39.7  bushels,  Turkey  Red  37.8.  Straw  weak. 

Kanred  2401.  A  selection  of  Kanred  secured  in  1923  from  the  Kansas  Sta- 
tion for  the  purpose  of  studying  the  effect  of  change  of  environment  upon  the 
composition  and  the  bread-making  quality  of  the  flour.  Two-year  yield  at  Ur- 
bana 44.3  bushels,  Turkey  Red  42.4.  Proved  very  hardy  during  severe  winter  of 
1923-24. 

K.  B.  No.  2.  Similar  to  Jones  Climax.  Originated  from  a  single  head  of 
wheat  found  growing  in  field  of  Long  Berry  Clawson  belonging  to  the  Knight 


1926]  PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER  WHEAT  31 

and  Bostwick  Seed  Company,  Rochester,  New  York.    Awnless;  chaff  white,  glab- 
rous; straw  white,  medium  strong,  long;  kernels  red,  soft. 

Seed  obtained  from  Knight  and  Bostwick,  Rochester,  New  York,  in  1904. 
Yields:  twelve-year  average  at  Urbana  37.9  bushels,  Turkey  Red  43.5;  one  year 
at  DeKalb  21.8  bushels,  Turkey  Red  24.3;  two-year  average  at  Fairfield  7.4 
bushels,  Fulcaster  9.7. 

Kharkof  (U.  S.  D.  A.  No.  11603).  Similar  to  Turkey  Red  (see  page  34). 
Kharkof  seed  was  imported  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  from  Star- 
obielsk,  Kharkof,  which  is  much  farther  north  than  the  region  from  which  Tur- 
key Red  originally  came.  For  this  reason  it  was  thought  to  be  more  winter 
resistant. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  in  1905.  Yields: 
six-year  average  at  Urbana  42.6  bushels,  Turkey  Red  46.3;  nine-year  average  at 
DeKalb  28.7  bushels,  Turkey  Red  32.1 ;  three-year  average  at  Fairfield  9.1  bush- 
els, Fulcaster  15.5. 

Malakof.  Synonym  for  Turkey  Red  (see  page  34).  Malakof  is  a  name 
applied  to  a  number  of  strains  of  wheat  which  came  from  Russia. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  Ratekin  Seed  Company  of  Iowa.  J.  W.  Ratekin 
stated  that  his  firm  imported  35  bushels  of  the  original  wheat  from  the  Russian 
town  of  Malakof  near  the  Black  Sea.  Yields:  eighteen-year  average  at  Urbana 
of  Malakof  and  Illinois  selection,  Malakof  5-460,  combined,  40.1  bushels,  Turkey 
Red  40.5;  two-year  average  at  DeKalb  28.2  bushels,  Turkey  Red  30.5;  three-year 
average  at  Fairfield  7.9  bushels,  Fulcaster  11.8.  Also  seven-year  average  at  De- 
Kalb of  Malakof  5-458,  31.3  bushels,  Turkey  Red  32.5. 

Malakof  (C.I.  No.  4898).  A  selection  of  Malakof  made  by  the  Bureau  of 
Cereal  Investigations,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  (see  Malakof). 

Seed  obtained  from  the  Indiana  Station  in  1922.  Three-year  average  at 
Urbana  42.8  bushels,  Turkey  Red  402.  Lodges  badly  on  fertile  soil. 

Marvelous.  Synonym  for  Fulcaster  (see  page  28).  One  of  the  numerous 
synonyms  for  the  Miracle  or  Stoner  wheat.  Distributed  under  the  name  Mar- 
velous by  Everitt's  O.  K.  Seed  Store,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 

Seed  obtained  from  Clark  Brothers,  Freeport,  Ohio,  in  1915.  Yields:  three- 
year  average  at  DeKalb  5.1  bushels,  Turkey  Red  29.2;  seven-year  average  at 
Fairfield  22.9  bushels,  Fulcaster  24.1;  three-year  average  at  Urbana  15.7  bush- 
els, Turkey  Red  41.3;  five-year  average  at  Alhambra  21.2  bushels,  Fulcaster  22.6. 
Not  winter-  hardy  in  central  and  northern  Illinois. 

Mediterranean.  Probably  introduced  into  the  United  States  from  the  Medi- 
terranean region  early  in  the  nineteenth  century.  Became  important  in  New 
York  between  1845  and  1855.  Is  a  few  days  earlier  than  many  varieties  and  is 
said  to  be  somewhat  resistant  to  Hessian  fly  and  to  rust.  Awned;  chaff  brown, 
glabrous;  straw  purple,  medium  strong,  coarse;  kernels  red,  soft. 

Seed  obtained  from  G.  N.  Scarff,  New  Carlisle,  Ohio,  in  1914.  Yields: 
seven-year  average  at  Fairfield  17.4  bushels,  Fulcaster  21.7;  nine-year  average  at 
Urbana  32.4  bushels,  Turkey  Red  39.1 ;  four-year  average  at  DeKalb  17.0  bush- 
els, Turkey  Red  32.3;  six-year  average  at  Alhambra  232  bushels,  Fulcaster  22.5. 
At  times  Mediterranean  has  been  severely  or  entirely  winterkilled  at  De- 
Kalb, Urbana,  and  Fairfield. 

Michigan  Amber.  Synonym  for  Red  May  (see  Jones  Longberry).  Yields: 
five-year  average  at  Urbana  39.7  bushels,  Turkey  Red  37.7;  one  year  at  Alham- 
bra 25.7  bushels,  Fulcaster  222.  Stands  well;  medium  hardy. 

Michikoff .  Originated  at  the  Purdue  Station  by  crossing  Malakof  and 
Michigan  Amber.  Awnless;  chaff  white,  glabrous;  straw  white;  kernels  red,  hard. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  Purdue  Station  in  1922.  Yields:  two-year  average 
at  Urbana  42.7  bushels,  Turkey  Red  42.4;  two-year  average  at  DeKalb  40.7 
bushels,  Turkey  Red  39.6. 


32  BULLETIN  No.  276  [June, 

Minnesota  Reliable.  Synonym  for  Turkey  Red  (see  page  34).  Seed  ob- 
tained from  the  Northrup  King  Seed  Company,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota,  in  1909. 
Yields:  thirteen-year  average  at  DeKalb  36.1  bushels,  Turkey  Red  35.7;  ten-year 
average  at  Urbana  39.4  bushels,  Turkey  Red  39.  1.  Straw  weak. 

Minturki.  Originated  at  the  Minnesota  Station  as  a  result  of  a  cross  of 
Turkey  Red  and  Odessa,  the  latter  a  soft  Russian  wheat.  Awned;  chaff  white, 
glabrous;  straw  white,  weak;  kernels  red,  semi-hard  to  hard.  Plant  very  much 
resembles  Turkey  Red;  very  winter  hardy. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  Minnesota  Station  in  1923.  Yields:  two-year  av- 
erage at  Urbana  44.5  bushels,  Turkey  Red  42.4;  one  year  at  DeKalb  43.7  bushels, 
Turkey  Red  33.0. 

Miracle.  Synonym  for  Fulcaster  (see  page  28).  In  1904,  K.  B.  Stoner  of 
Fincastle,  Virginia,  discovered  a  single  wheat  plant  growing  in  his  garden.  He 
became  particularly  interested  in  the  plant  because  of  the  great  number  of  tillers 
it  produced.  There  were  142  stems.  He  increased  his  seed  in  1905  and  1906  and 
put  it  on  the  market  in  1907.  At  first  it  was  usually  distributed  under  the  name 
Miracle  because  of  its  supposedly  remarkable  ability  to  tiller.  It  has  been  widely 
advertised  and  distributed  under  many  different  names.  Miracle  closely  resembles 
Fulcaster  morphologically,  and  as  the  latter  was  grown  commonly  in  that  sec- 
tion, it  doubtless  came  from  a  single  plant  of  that  variety. 

Seed  obtained  from  J.  J.  Haubert,  Bala,  Pennsylvania,  in  1914.  Yields:  six- 
year  average  at  DeKalb  20.5  bushels,  Turkey  Red  31.4;  seven-year  average  at 
Fairfield  16.7  bushels,  Fulcaster  21.7;  four-year  average  at  Urbana  18.7  bushels, 
Turkey  Red  39.6.  Very  badly  winterkilled  at  times  on  all  of  these  fields. 

Nigger.  Origin  undetermined.  It  is  said  to  have  been  distributed  first  under 
that  name  from  a  farm  belonging  to  a  Negro  living  in  Darke  county,  Ohio. 
Awned;  chaff  white,  glabrous;  straw  medium  strong,  purple;  kernels  red,  soft. 

Source  of  seed  secured  in  1913  unknown;  that  secured  in  "1920  was  pur- 
chased from  the  Ohio  Seed  Company,  Wapakeneta,  Ohio.  Four-year  average 
yield  at  Fairfield  18.6  bushels,  Fulcaster  19.1. 

Pesterboden.  Almost  indistinguishable  from  Turkey  Red;  is  slightly  taller 
and  has  somewhat  larger  and  softer  kernels.  Seed  imported  from  Budapest  by 
the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  in  1900. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  in  1904.  Yields: 
fourteen-year  average  at  Urbana  39.4  bushels,  Turkey  Red  43.6;  three-year  aver- 
age at  DeKalb  29.0  bushels,  Turkey  Red  32.1;  two-year  average  at  Fairfield  11.1 
bushels,  Fulcaster  14.7. 

Poole.  Origin  not  definitely  known.  The  Ohio  Station  grew  it  as  early  as 
1884.  Important  variety  in  Ohio  and  Indiana.  Awnless;  chaff  brown,  glabrous; 
straw  purple,  medium  strong;  kernels  red,  soft. 

Seed  for  Urbana  secured  from  the  Michigan  and  the  Missouri  Stations. 
Seed  from  the  Michigan  Station  in  1904  produced  7.8  bushels  at  Urbana,  Turkey 
Red  32.2.  Seed  from  the  Missouri  Station  made  a  two-year  average  yield  at 
Urbana  of  32.0  bushels,  Turkey  Red  42.4;  one  year  at  Alhambra  23.6  bushels, 
Fulcaster  22.2.  Very  badly  winterkilled  in  1924  at  Urbana. 

Native-grown  seed  used  at  Fairfield  for  two  years.  In  1915  seed  was  secured 
from  the  Wing  Seed  Company,  Mechanicsburg,  Ohio,  and  in  1920  from  the  Ohio 
Station.  Yields:  nine-year  average  of  native  and  Wing  Seed  Company  wheat, 
18.6  bushels,  Fulcaster  20.9;  one  year  from  seed  priginating  at  the  Ohio  Station 
29.1  bushels,  Fulcaster  30.1. 

Portage.  A  pure-line  selection  from  Poole;  differs  in  having  a  stiffer  straw 
and  produces  larger  crops  of  better  quality  (see  Poole). 

Seed  obtained  from  the  Ohio  Seed  Company,  Wapakeneta,  Ohio.  Two-year 
average  yield  at  Fairfield  25.0  bushels,  Fulcaster  26.5. 


1926]  PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER  WHEAT  33 

Prize  Taker.  Synonym  for  Gold  Coin  (see  page  29).  Seed  obtained  from 
the  John  A.  Salzer  Seed  Company,  La  Crosse,  Wisconsin,  in  1915.  Yields:  three- 
year  average  at  DeKalb  14.5  bushels,  Turkey  Red  29.2;  three-year  average  at 
Fairfield  20.4  bushels,  Fulcaster  25.1. 

Purkoff.  Originated  at  the  Purdue  Station  as  a  result  of  crossing  Malakof 
and  Michigan  Amber.  Awnless;  chaff  white;  kernels  red,  semi-hard;  straw  white, 
strong. 

Seed  obtained  in  1924  from  the  Purdue  Station.  Yield  at  Urbana  in  1925 
46.4  bushels,  Turkey  Red  44.5. 

Red  Cross.  Synonym  for  Harvest  Queen  (see  page  29).  Seed  obtained 
from  the  John  A.  Salzer  Seed  Company  in  1913.  Yields:  twelve-year  average  at 
Urbana  38.1  bushels,  Turkey  Red  40.0;  ten-year  average  at  DeKalb  33.7  bushels, 
Turkey  Red  35.6;  eight-year  average  at  Fairfield  20.7  bushels,  Fulcaster  21.9. 
Hardy;  stands  well. 

Red  Hussar.  Similar  to  Turkey  Red  (see  page  34) ;  softer  and  has  more 
humped  kernels. 

Seed  obtained  from  William  Rennie,  Canada,  in  1904.  Yields:  seventeen- 
year  average  at  Urbana  37.0  bushels,  Turkey  Red  41.6;  four-year  average  at 
DeKalb  32.6  bushels,  Turkey  Red  33.9;  five-year  average  at  Fairfield  10.7  bushels, 
Fulcaster  13.2. 

Red  Rock.  Origin,  a  single  red  kernel  found  in  a  lot  of  white  wheat  known 
as  Plymouth  Rock.  Selection  made  at  the  Michigan  Station  in  1908.  By  1914 
the  increase  was  sufficient  to  permit  the  Station  to  distribute  60  bushels  of  the 
seed.  Closely  resembles  Mediterranean  (see  page  31) ;  differs  in  having  slightly 
longer,  wider,  and  laxer  spike  and  harder  kernel;  yields  better  and  produces 
stronger  flour. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  Michigan  Station  in  1917.  Yields:  eight-year  aver- 
age at  Urbana  38.3  bushels,  Turkey  Red  38.4;  seven-year  average  at  DeKalb 
34.1  bushels,  Turkey  Red  35.7;  two-year  average  at  Alhambra  30.8  bushels,  Ful- 
caster 28.4.  Has  been  practically  a  complete  failure  at  DeKalb  two  seasons. 
When  not  winterkilled,  is  very  productive.  Does  not  lodge  readily. 

Red  Russian.  Synonym  for  Turkey  Red  (see  page  34).  Imported  from 
northern  Russia  by  the  John  A.  Salzer  Seed  Company,  La  Crosse,  Wisconsin. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  John  A.  Salzer  Seed  Company  in  1915.  Yields: 
nine-year  average  at  DeKalb  37.9  bushels,  Turkey  Red  35.0;  three-year  average 
at  Urbana  45.0  bushels,  Turkey  Red  40.2.  Seems  to  have  a  little  stiffer  straw 
than  Turkey  Red. 

Red  Wave.  This  variety  is  said  to  have  resulted  from  crossing  Early  Red 
Clawson  and  a  hybrid  wheat  of  Russian  ancestry.  A.  N.  Jones  of  Le  Roy,  Genesee 
county,  New  York,  is  the  originator.  Awnless;  chaff  brown,  glabrous;  straw 
white,  medium  tall  to  tall,  medium  strong;  kernels  red,  soft;  inferior  for  milling 
and  bread  making. 

Seed  obtained  from  Everitt's  O.  K.  Seed  Store,  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  in 
1914-15.  Yields:  eight-year  average  at  Urbana  33.2  bushels,  Turkey  Red  38.3; 
two-year  average  at  DeKalb  10.6  bushels,  Turkey  Red  26.3;  five-year  average 
at  Fairfield  15.7  bushels,  Fulcaster  20.0;  five-year  average  at  Alhambra  21.5  bush- 
els, Fulcaster  22.6.  Not  winter  hardy  in  central  and  northern  Illinois.  Stands 
well. 

Rudy.  Originated  by  M.  Rudy  of  Troy,  Ohio,  in  1871.  The  variety  is 
descended  from  a  single  superior  plant  which  Mr.  Rudy  found  in  a  large  field. 
Awned;  chaff  yellowish-white  with  black-striped  margins;  straw  white,  weak  to 
medium  strong;  kernels  red,  long,  and  soft. 


34  BULLETIN  No.  276  [June, 

Original  source  of  seed  sown  at  Urbana  unknown;  seed  for  DeKalb  and 
Fairfield  later  secured  from  F.  P.  Hoopgardner,  Ossian,  Indiana,  in  1915;  a  third 
lot  of  seed  was  purchased  for  Alhambra  in  1920  from  the  Ohio  Seed  Company, 
Wapakeneta,  Ohio.  Yields:  three-year  average  at  DeKalb  9.8  bushels,  Turkey 
Red  29.2  bushels;  ten-year  average  at  Urbana  27.0  bushels,  Turkey  Red  41.2; 
eight-year  average  at  Fairfield  19.2  bushels,  Fulcaster  20.7;  five-year  average  at 
Alhambra  22.2  bushels,  Fulcaster  22.6. 

Shepherd.  A  strain  of  wheat  developed  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agri- 
culture which  is  resistant  both  to  flag  smut  and  to  rosette  diseases.  At  the  pres- 
ent time  there  is  no  large  supply  of  seed  but  the  stock  is  being  increased.  Awn- 
less;  chaff  light  brown,  glabrous;  straw  white,  kernels  red,  soft. 

Seed  obtained  in  1924  from  John  Segar  of  Granite  City,  Illinois.  Crop  at 
Alhambra  in  1925  yielded  24.9  bushels,  Fulcaster  22.2. 

Theiss  (U.  S.  D.  A.  No.  12004).  Synonym  for  Turkey  Red  (see  Turkey 
Red).  This  strain  of  Turkey  Red  was  introduced  by  the  U.  S.  Department  from 
Budapest,  Austria-Hungary,  in  1900. 

Seed  obtained  presumably  from  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  in  1905. 
Three-year  average  yield  at  Fairfield  4.7  bushels,  Fulcaster  11.8. 

Trumbull.  Originated  by  the  Ohio  Station  about  1908.  Is  a  pure-line  selec- 
tion of  Fultz  and  in  Ohio  tests  out-yielded  the  original  Fultz  stock.  Trumbull 
is  taller  than  Fultz,  has  stronger  and  less  purple  straw,  and  the  heads  are  more 
erect. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  Ohio  Seed  Company,  Wapekeneta,  Ohio,  in  1920. 
Yields :  three-year  average  at  Fairfield  23.6  bushels,  Fulcaster  23.8 ;  two-year  aver- 
age at  DeKalb  37.9  bushels,  Turkey  Red  39.6;  two-year  average  at  Urbana  332 
bushels,  Turkey  Red  42.4;  one  year  at  Alhambra  23.9  bushels,  Fulcaster  22.2. 

Turkey  Hybrid  402.  Originated  from  an  accidental  cross  discovered  in  a 
Turkey  Red  head  row  in  the  wheat  nursery  of  the  Plant  Breeding  Division  of 
the  Illinois  Station.  The  original  hybrid  plant  was  awnless.  It  is  supposed  that 
the  male  parent  was  Dawson  Golden  Chaff.  Awned;  chaff  white,  glabrous;  straw 
white,  medium  tall;  kernels  originally  white  and  soft,  in  later  years  became  red 
and  most  of  them  hard. 

Nine-year  average  yield  at  Urbana  39.6  bushels,  Turkey  Red  39.5. 

Turkey  Hybrid  509.  Origin  similar  to  that  of  Turkey  Hybrid  402.  Awnless; 
chaff  white,  glabrous;  straw  white,  medium  tall,  medium  strong;  kernels  origin- 
ally white  and  soft;  in  later  years  became  red  and  most  of  them  hard. 

Yields:  nine-year  average  at  Urbana  43.8  bushels,  Turkey  Red  39.5;  five- 
year  average  at  DeKalb  26.2  bushels,  Turkey  Red  29.4;  six-year  average  at  Fair- 
field  20.8  bushels,  Fulcaster  24.3.  This  variety  was  finally  removed  from  the 
trials  because  it  continued  to  segregate,  producing  both  awned  and  awnless 
spikes  and  both  red  and  white  kernels.  The  red  kernels  finally  greatly  pre- 
dominated. 

Turkey  Hybrid  514.  Origin  similar  to  that  of  Turkey  Hybrid  402.  Closely 
resembles  Turkey  Red.  Four-year  average  yield  at  Urbana  37.6  bushels,  Turkey 
Red  36.7. 

Turkey  Red  (Station  strain).  The  original  Turkey  Red  seed  was  brought 
to  Kansas  by  Mennonite  immigrants  about  1873  from  Southern  Russia.  The 
original  source  of  Turkey  wheat  is  that  region  north  and  east  of  the  Black  Sea 
and  north  of  the  Caucasus  Mountains.  Awned;  chaff  white,  glabrous,  straw 
white,  weak,  rather  short;  kernels  red,  hard,  winter  hardy  and  drouth  resistant. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  South  Dakota  Station  in  1901.  Yields:  twenty-one- 
year  average  at  Urbana  41.0  bushels;  fifteen-year  average  at  DeKalb  352  bushels; 
two-year  average  at  Fairfield  6.3  bushels,  Fulcaster  9.7.  Very  hardy  and  is  pro- 


1926}  PRODUCTIVENESS  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WINTER  WHEAT  35 

ductive  in  central  and  northern  sections  of  the  state.  Not  adapted  to  the  southern 
section;  straw  weak. 

Turkey  Red  10-1 10.1  Originated  by  the  Plant  Breeding  Division  of  the 
Illinois  Station  in  1910  from  a  single  head  selection.  In  the  Plant  Breeding  trials 
it  made  such  an  excellent  record  that  eventually  it  was  distributed  as  a  superior 
strain  of  Turkey  Red. 

Yields:  eight-year  average  at  Urbana  39 2  bushels,  Turkey  Red  38.4;  six- 
year  average  at  DeKalb  40.0  bushels,  Turkey  Red  37.8;  three-year  average  at 
Fairfield  17.2  bushels,  Fulcaster  222;  six-year  average  at  Alhambra  20.1  bushels, 
Fulcaster  22.5.  Straw  weak. 

Turkey  Red  12-41.  Originated  by  the  Plant  Breeding  Division  of  the  Illi- 
nois Station  from  a  single  head  selection  in  1912.  Has  never  been  distributed. 
Six-year  average  yield  at  Urbana  39.1  bushels,  Turkey  Red  37.0. 

Turkey  Red  9-233.  Originated  by  the  Plant  Breeding  Division  of  the  Illi- 
nois Station  from  a  single  head  selection  in  1909.  Has  never  been  distributed. 
Five-year  average  yield  at  DeKalb  33.7  bushels,  Turkey  Red  33.7. 

Wheedling.  Originated  about  1890  by  Louis  Wheedling  of  Indiana,  who 
discovered  some  heads  in  his  wheat  field  differing  slightly  from  the  others.  Awn- 
less;  chaff  light  brown,  glabrous;  straw  medium  long,  strong,  purple;  kernels  red, 
soft. 

Source  of  seed  unknown.  Yields:  ten-year  average  at  Urbana  35.6  bushels, 
Turkey  Red  42.0;  five-year  average  at  DeKalb  26.0  bushels,  Turkey  Red  34.3; 
fourteen-year  average  at  Fairfield  16.6  bushels,  Fulcaster  18.1. 

Wheedling  5-464.  A  selection  made  by  the  Plant  .Breeding  Division  of  the 
Illinois  Station.  Strain  discontinued.  Seven-year  average  yield  at  DeKalb  32.0 
bushels,  Turkey  Red  32.5. 

Wisconsin  No.  18.  Synonym  for  Turkey  Red  (see  page  34).  A  strain  of 
Turkey  Red  distributed  by  the  Wisconsin  Station. 

Seed  obtained  from  the  L.  L,  Olds  Seed  Company,  Madison,  Wisconsin,  in 
1914.  Yields:  ten-year  average  at  DeKalb  36.8  bushels,  Turkey  Red  35.6;  eight- 
year  average  at  Urbana  36.6  bushels,  Turkey  Red  38.3.  Straw  weak. 

Worlds  Champion.  Synonym  for  Turkey  Red  (see  page  34).  Seed  ob- 
tained from  the  L.  L.  Olds  Seed  Company,  Madison,  Wisconsin,  in  1914.  Yields: 
seven-year  average  at  DeKalb  33.9  bushels,  Turkey  Red  33.6;  ten-year  average 
at  Urbana  39.4  bushels,  Turkey  Red  39.1.  Straw  weak. 


1RecentJy  named  Ilred. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 


